Direct - Indirect speech

1. Direct Speech

   In direct speech, we convey the message of the speaker in his own actual words without any change to another person.

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2. Indirect Speech

   In indirect speech, we convey the message of the speaker in our own words to another person.

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3. Procedure of changing direct speech into indirect speech

   1. Remove comma and inverted commas.
   2. Put "that" between the reporting and reported speeches.(it is optional to put "that" between the reporting and reported speech)
   3. Change the 1st letter of reported speech into small letter except for "I"
   4. Change the pronoun of the direct speech according to the rules described in table 2
   5. Change the tense of the direct speech appropriately according to rules described in table 3.
   6. Change the words expressing nearness in time or places of the direct speech into its appropriate words expressing distance as per table 1

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4. Rules for changing Direct into Indirect Speech

   1. The past tense is often used when it is uncertain if the statement is true or when we are reporting objectively.

      Indirect Speech Conversion	Direct Speech Condition
      Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense.	If the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense.
      Do Not Change Tense of reported Speech in Indirect Speech sentence	If in direct speech you find say/says or will say.
      	Direct speech the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or habitual action.
      	The reporting verb is in a present tense.

   2. When there are two sentences combined with the help of a conjunction and both sentences have got different tenses. then change the tenses of both sentences according to the rule.
   3. Words expressing nearness in time or places are generally changed into words expressing distance.

      Change of place and time	Direct Speech Word	Indirect Speech Word
      	Here	There
      	Today	that day
      	this morning	that morning
      	Yesterday	the day before
      	Tomorrow	the next day
      	next week	the following week
      	next month	the following month
      	Now	Then
      	Ago	Before
      	Thus	So
      	Last Night	the night before
      	This	That
      	These	Those
      	Hither	Thither
      	Hence	Thence
      	Come	Go

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5. Change in Pronouns

   The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed where necessary, according to their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker. If we change direct speech into indirect speech, the pronouns will change in the following ways.

   Rules	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
   The first person of the reported speech changes according to the subject of reporting speech.	She says, "I am in tenth class."	She says, "I am in tenth class."
   The second person of reported speech changes according to the object of reporting speech.	He says to them, "You have completed your job."	He tells them that they have completed their job.
   The third person of the reported speech doesn't change.	She says, "She is in tenth class."	She says that she is in tenth class.

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6. Change in Tenses

   The past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses do not change.

   Rules	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
   Simple Present Changes To Simple Past	"I always drink coffee", she said	She said that she always drank coffee.
   Present Continuous Changes To Past Continuous	"I am reading a book", he explained.	He explained that he was reading a book
   Present Perfect Changes To Past Perfect	She said, "He has finished his work"	She said that he had finished his work.
   Present Perfect Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous	"I have been to Spain", he told me.	He told me that he had been to Spain.
   Simple Past Changes To Past Perfect	"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.	He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
   Past Perfect Changes To Past Perfect (No Change In Tense)	"I had just turned out the light," he explained.	He explained that he had just turned out the light.
   Past Continuous Changes To Past Perfect Continuous	"We were living in Paris", they told me.	They told me that they had been living in Paris.
   Future Changes To Present Conditional	"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said	He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
   Future Continuous Changes To Conditional Continuous	She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday."	She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

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7. Changes in Modals

   Rules	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
   CAN changes into COULD	He said, "I can drive a car".	He said that he could drive a car.
   MAY changes into MIGHT	He said, "I may buy a computer"	He said that he might buy a computer.
   MUST changes into HAD TO	He said, "I must work hard"	He said that he had to work hard.
   These Modals Do Not Change: Would, could, might, should, ought to.
   Would	They said, "we would apply for a visa"	They said that they would apply for visa.
   Could	He said, "I could run faster"	He said that he could run faster.
   Might	John said, "I might meet him".	John said that he might meet him.
   Should	He said, "I should avail the opportunity"	He said that he should avail the opportunity.
   Ought to	He said to me, "you ought to wait for him"	He said to me that I ought to wait for him.

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8. Changes for Imperative Sentences

   Imperative sentences consist any of these four things:

   • Order
   • Request
   • Advice
   • Suggestion

    

   Most commonly used words to join clauses together are ordered, requested, advised and suggested. Forbid(s)/ forbade is used for the negative sentences.

   Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech	Reporting verb in indirect verb
   Order	ordered
   Request	requested / entreated
   Advice	advised / urged
   Never	told, advised or forbade (No need of "not" after "forbade")
   Direction	directed
   Suggestion	suggested to
   Warning	warn
   (If a person is addressed directly)	called

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9. Exclamatory Sentences

   Exclamatory sentences expresses emotions. Interjections such as Hurrah, wow, alas, oh, ah are used to express emotions. The word "that" is used as join clause.

   1. Rules for conversion of Exclamatory Direct Speech Sentences into Indirect Speech Sentences

      1. Exclamatory sentence changes into assertive sentence.
      2. Interjections are removed.
      3. Exclamation mark changes into full stop.
      4. W.H words like , "what" and "how" are removed and before the adjective of reported speech we put "very"
      5. Changes of "tenses" , "pronouns" and "adjectives" will be according to the previous rules.

    

   Mood of Sentence in Direct Speech	Reporting verb in indirect verb
   sorrow in reported speech	Exclaimed with sorrow/ grief/ exclaimed sorrowfully or cried out
   happiness in reported speech	exclaimed with joy/ delight/ exclaimed joyfully
   surprise in reported speech	exclaimed with surprise/ wonder/ astonishment"
   appreciation and it is being expressed strongly	applauded

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10. Interrogative Sentences

    Interrogative sentences are of two types:

    1. Interrogative with auxiliaries at the beginning.
    2. Interrogatives with who, where, what, when, how etc., i.e. wh questions.

    1. Rules for conversion of Interrogative Direct Speech Sentence into Indirect Speech Sentences

       There are some rules to change direct to Indirect speech of Interrogative sentence:

       RULES

       Changes	Direct Speech Condition	Indirect Speech Condition
       Reporting Verb	said/ said to	Asked, enquired or demanded.
       Joining Clause	If sentence begins with auxiliary verb	joining clause should be if or whether.
       	If sentence begins with "wh" questions	then no conjunction is used as "question-word" itself act as joining clause.
       Punctuation	Question Mark	Full Stop
       Helping Verbs	sentences is expressing positive feeling	do/does is removed from sentence.
       	if 'No' is used in interrogative sentences	do/does is changed into did.
       	Did or has/have	Had

    • Helping verbs (is, am, are, was, were) are used after the subject.
    • Adverbs and pronouns are converted according to the table 1 and table 2 respectively.

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11. Punctuation in Direct Speech

    In direct speech, various punctuation conventions are used to separate the quoted words from the rest of the text: this allows a reader to follow what's going on.
    Here are the basic rules:

    RULES	EXAMPLES
    The words that are actually spoken should be enclosed in inverted commas	'He's very clever, you know.'
    Start new paragraph every time when a new speaker says something.	'They think it's a more respectable job,' said Joe. 'I don't agree,' I replied
    Comma, full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark must be present at the end of reported sentences. This is placed inside the closing inverted comma or commas.	'Can I come in?' he asked. 'Just a moment!' she shouted. 'You're right,' he said.
    If direct speech comes after the information about who is speaking, comma is used to introduce the piece of speech, placed before the first inverted comma.	Steve replied, 'No problem.'
    If the direct speech is broken up by information about who is speaking, comma (or a question mark or exclamation mark) is used to separate the two reported speech	'You're right,' he said. 'It feels strange.' 'Thinking back,' she said, 'he didn't expect to win.'

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12. Rules for conversion of Indirect Speech to Direct Speech

    To change from Indirect to Direct Speech, keep the rules of the Direct Speech are applied in the reverse order.

    1. Use the reporting verb, "say" or "said to" in its correct tense.
    2. Remove the conjuctions "that, to, if or whether etc". wherever necessary.
    3. Insert quotation marks, question mark, exclamation and fullstop, wherever necessary.
    4. Put a comma before the statement.
    5. Write the first word of the statement with capital letter.
    6. Change the past tense into present tense wherever the repoting verb is in the past tense.
    7. Convert the past perfect either into past tense or present perfect as found necessary.
    8. Be careful about the order of words in the question.

     

    The following table will enable to find the kind of sentence:

    Indirect (Conjunction)	Direct (Kind of Sentence)
    That	Statement (or) Exclamatory sentence
    to, not to	Imperative
    requested + to	Begin the imperative sentence with "please"
    if or whether	Interrogative sentence (Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ...?)
    What, When, How etc.,	(Wh or How + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ...?)

My experience in batu secret zoo malang (tugas 1 )

when I was in holiday, I went to malang with my friends  to Batu Malang, its was our first time we went  First day we went to Jatim park 1. 

 Batu Secret Zoo is actually located in the same area with Museum Satwa, which is Jawa Timur Park 2 in Batu, Malang. It’s probably one of the biggest recreation park in Indonesia! There are museum (Museum Satwa / Museum of Wildlife), zoo (Batu Secret Zoo), hotel (Pohon Inn) and Eco Park. And believe me, all of them are interesting! If you happen to visit Batu, you should (or you’ll regret later) spend a day in Jawa Timur Park 2.

Batu Secreet Zoo is located at a very large area, with lots of animals including the ones we usually see in NatGeo such as lemurs, meerkats, etc. As we walked further inside there are amusement parks called Happy Land and Adventure Land. There are so many rides and some small games such as fishing--all without additional ticket, since they are included in the entrance ticket. Don't forget to bring swimsuits for the kids as there is a wet area/kids pool. After the Adventure Land we are 'brought back' to the zoo as tigers and lions awaits.

There were so many animals and the cages are clear. The staff taking care the animals well.

 

classroom’ is the playground of the Flying Lemur.

Flying Lemur

And this ‘classroom’ is the playground of the Flying Lemur.

Honestly the zoo very clean and well organized. We just need to follow the given path and we won’t miss a thing. There are also e-bikes available for rent, so you could just strolling without walking. But I and my friend preferred walking and strolling around freely.

I strongly recomended " Batu secret zoo because: clean, organized well, the ticket is achievable, many spot for take a picture,alot of animals we canot see in another place, the weather soo cool and the view is great!

Experience in batu malang (tugas I )

when I was in holiday, I went to malang with my friends  to Batu Malang, its was our first time we went  First day we went to Jatim park 1. 

 Batu Secret Zoo is actually located in the same area with Museum Satwa, which is Jawa Timur Park 2 in Batu, Malang. It’s probably one of the biggest recreation park in Indonesia! There are museum (Museum Satwa / Museum of Wildlife), zoo (Batu Secret Zoo), hotel (Pohon Inn) and Eco Park. And believe me, all of them are interesting! If you happen to visit Batu, you should (or you’ll regret later) spend a day in Jawa Timur Park 2.

There were so many animals and the cages are clear. The staff taking care the animals well.

 

classroom’ is the playground of the Flying Lemur.

Flying Lemur

And this ‘classroom’ is the playground of the Flying Lemur.

Honestly the zoo very clean and well organized. We just need to follow the given path and we won’t miss a thing. There are also e-bikes available for rent, so you could just strolling without walking. But I and my friend preferred walking and strolling around freely.

I strongly recomended " Batu secret zoo because: clean, organized well, the ticket is achievable, many spot for take a picture,alot of animals we canot see in another place, the weather soo cool and the view is great!

Conditional Sentences

CONDITIONAL

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional sentence type	Usage	If clause verb tense	Main clause verb tense
Zero	General truths	Simple present	Simple present
Type 1	A possible condition and its probable result	Simple present	Simple future
Type 2	A hypothetical condition and its probable result	Simple past	Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past	Past perfect	Perfect conditional
Mixed type	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present	Past perfect	Present contditional

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple present
If this thing happens	that thing happens.
If you heat ice	it melts.
If it rains	the grass gets wet.

Read more about how to use the zero conditional.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple future
If this thing happens	that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry	you will miss the train.
If it rains today	you will get wet.

Read more about how to use the type 1 conditional.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple past	present conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happened	that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier	you would not be so tired.
If it rained	you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian	I would be working in Italy.

Read more about how to use the type 2 conditional with the present conditional and how to use the present continuous conditional in type 2 conditional sentence.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple past	present conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happened	that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier	you would not be so tired.
If it rained	you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian	I would be working in Italy.

Read more about how to use the type 2 conditional with the present conditional and how to use the present continuous conditional in type 2 conditional sentence.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect	perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder	you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained	you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion	I would have been working in Milan.

MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect or simple past	present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at school	I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map	we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders	you would have picked it up and put it outside.

Conditional clauses without if

An example is given below.

If you invite her, she will come. (You have to invite her; otherwise she won’t come. Here the first thing you need to do is to invite her. If that does not happen, the second thing won’t happen either.)

We can also make conditional clauses without if.

Study the examples given below.

• If I had known his real motive, I wouldn’t have supported him.

We can express the same idea without if.

• Had I known his real motive, I wouldn’t have supported him.

Another example is given below.

• If I had realized the importance of physical training, I would not have wasted my time in front of the television.

source: http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/conditional/
https://www.englishgrammar.org/conditional-clauses/