Task 7 (Individual)

Depok, Mei 22 2017

Attention ,

Head Ace Educational Fondution

            Refer to your requitment advertised in jobstreet. I am interested to join and contribute with your respected company. I am Aisyah Septiningrum as a active student in Gunadarma University, single and health condition, i am be able to use English in oral and writeen, able to use Ms word, Ms excel, Ms Power point and have been teaching for 3 years.

            Now i am a active student in Gunadarma University. I am willing to learn and work very well in others and anxious to put my expeerince in pratical.

I hope you will grant me an interview and the opportunity to give more details about my self

Your faithfully,

Aisyah Septiningrum W

Task 7 (Individual)

CURRICULUM VITAE

                                                                                      

Personal Information

Names                              : Aisyah Septiningrum

Last Name                        : Wulandari

Identity Card Number    : 9000960924

Date Of Birth                    : September, 24rd 1996

Place Of Birth                   : Jakarta, Indonesia

Nationality                        : Indonesia

Address                             : Bulak Barat Street No 87, Depok

Phone                                : 087880100545

Email                                  : aisyahsw11@ymail.com

Education

2001-2002 Permata Playgroup

2002-2008 Elementary 1 Depok School

20008-2011 Junior 9 Depok School

2011-2014 Senior Islamic State 7 Schoo

20014-Now  Gunadarma University

Job Experience

20015-2017    Taeching Course Privat

Regards,

(Aisyah Septiningrum w)

Task 6 Individual

► What are the Characteristics of Negotiation?

There are certain characteristics of the negotiation process. These are:

• ·         There are a minimum of two parties present in any negotiation.
• ·         Both the parties have pre-determined goals which they wish to achieve.
• ·         There is a clash of pre-determined goals, that is, some of the pre-determined goals are not shared by both the parties.
• ·         There is an expectation of outcome by both the parties in any negotiation.
• ·         Both the parties believe the outcome of the negotiation to be satisfactory.
• ·         Both parties are willing to compromise, that is, modify their position.
• ·         The incompatibility of goals may make the modification of positions difficult.
• ·         The parties understand the purpose of negotiation                 

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► Explain the positive and negative effects in Negotiation!

Negative Affect in Negotiation

Negative affect has detrimental effects on various stages in the negotiation process. Although various negative emotions affect negotiation outcomes, by far the most researched is anger. Angry negotiators plan to use more competitive strategies and to cooperate less, even before the negotiation starts. These competitive strategies are related to reduced joint outcomes. During negotiations, anger disrupts the process by reducing the level of trust, clouding parties' judgment, narrowing parties' focus of attention and changing their central goal from reaching agreement to retaliating against the other side. Angry negotiators pay less attention to opponent's interests and are less accurate in judging their interests, thus achieve lower joint gains. Moreover, because anger makes negotiators more self-centered in their preferences, it increases the likelihood that they will reject profitable offers. Anger does not help in achieving negotiation goals either: it reduces joint gains and does not help to boost personal gains, as angry negotiators do not succeed in claiming more for themselves. Moreover, negative emotions lead to acceptance of settlements that are not in the positive utility function but rather have a negative utility. However, expression of negative emotions during negotiation can sometimes be beneficial: legitimately expressed anger can be an effective way to show one's commitment,

Positive Affect in Negotiation

Even before the negotiation process starts, people in a positive mood have more confidence and higher tendencies to plan to use a cooperative strategy. During the negotiation, negotiators who are in a positive mood tend to enjoy the interaction more, show less contentious behavior, use less aggressive tactics and more cooperative strategies. This in turn increases the likelihood that parties will reach their instrumental goals and enhance the ability to find integrative gains. Indeed, compared with negotiators with negative or natural affectivity, negotiators with positive affectivity reached more agreements and tended to honor those agreements more. Those favorable outcomes are due to better decision making processes, such as flexible thinking, creative problem solving, respect for others' perspectives, willingness to take risks and higher confidence. Post negotiation positive affect has beneficial consequences as well. It increases satisfaction with achieved outcome and influences one's desire for future interactions. The Positive Affect aroused by reaching an agreement facilitates the dyadic relationship, which result in affective commitment that sets the stage for subsequent interactions.

Positive Affect also has its drawbacks: it distorts perception of self performance, such that performance is judged to be relatively better than it actually is. Thus, studies involving self reports on achieved outcomes might be biased.

Task 6 Individual

► Explain the negaotiation process!

Steps of the Negotiation Process

Step 1: Prepare – The first step in the negotiation process is to ensure that everyone is ready the actual negotiation.  Before you begin negotiation walk through the steps in your mind of what you are going to do, and think of different situations that may occur and how you are going to handle them.  If you need to, do some research beforehand.  For instance, if you are preparing to buy a washer and dryer, you may want to read some reviews online or check out some price points of models that are available to see how low you can negotiate your price.

• Know what you want from the process.  Make sure you understand the needs of the people involved and be able to understand different positions and interests.  Know your priorities and be able to identify boundaries.
• Determine how to get there:  Know what resources you can tap into, develop a strategy that you can work with, and have a walk-away position.
• Set a time and place:  Once you have all the information you need, set up an appropriate time and place for the negotiation to take place.

Step 2: Open— In the opening stage of the process, you will identify your needs with the other party.

• Be confident and demonstrate to the other party that you know what you are doing.
• State your case:  state your case by painting the context of your negotiation, verify you need and what you want as a result, and position yourself to frame the outcome appropriately.

Stage 3:  Exchange Views—Some people can refer to this as the “arguing” stage, but it is more appropriate to say that you are simply exchanging views with the other party.  In such instances as a collaborative negotiation, the arguments may be gentle and polite, so it all depends on the situation the negotiation is taking place.

• Respond to the other party’s views or argument by minimizing their benefits to you, weakening their argument, or managing their needs all the same.
• Strengthen your argument by maximizing the benefits for them, strengthening your truth, and legitimizing your needs.

Stage 4:  Explore— In the exploration stage, usually no agreements have been made other than early positioning.  Both sides have established what they want, and now they can both move forward to reach an agreement.

• Find areas where you both agree.  Both parties can agree on some things, so make sure to find areas of difference that can be amplified into agreements.
• Once you know where you agree and disagree, then you can work to find ways to reach an agreement by looking into criteria and outcome.
• Move forward by seeking variables, managing information, and keeping your main goal clear and flexible.

Step 5:  Signal—The phase of signaling in the negotiation process is when both parties let it be known that they are ready to move forward with their position.  Signaling indicates the willingness to negotiate certain terms.

• Show the other party that you are ready to move forward, wait for their signal, and move towards concession.

Step 6:  Package – In this stage, the negotiation has not yet been finalized, and both parties may still be determining and dealing with various possibilities.  It is important to keep a feeling of openness so that it will be easier to consider different options and exchanges without having either party feeling tied down to a decision yet.

• Identify agreeable trades and put together potential agreements.
• Make proposals that offer concessions.
• Have your trade package ready that you believe satisfies both sides of the table.

Step 7:  Close – The closing portion of the negotiation process signals that you are moving towards a complete solution and getting ready to close the final deal.

• During this, you will agree on the details and confirm the agreement.
• Usually when you confirm the agreement, you will sign a legitimate contract.  However, closing a negotiation deal can also be shaking hands, or agreeing to what has been said.

Step 8:  Keep your word – The final phase of the negotiation process deals with sustaining your terms of agreement.  In sustaining your agreement, you ensure that the commitment stays closed and each party adheres to what they promised.  Make sure both parties keep their promises and are ready to renegotiate if need be.  Here are some techniques to use in the negotiation process to ensure that both parties sustain their agreements:

• Burning bridges:  Ensure there is no way that either party will back out of the negotiation.
• Evidence stream:  Show whoever you negotiate with that the change they want to take place is happening.
• Golden handcuffs:  Keep key people in the process around with delayed rewards.
• Involvement:  Give each person who is important to the negotiation an important role.
• Reward alignment:  Align the rewards with the desired behaviors or actions that you want to see take place.
• Rites of passage:  Use formal rituals to confirm change is taking place.

These will differ depending on the type and form of negotiation that you are executing.

Task 6 Individual

► What is negotiation

In simplest terms, negotiation is a discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem.

► What are the negatiation style? Explain!

There are five long-recognized styles of negotiating which characterize both approaches to resolving disputes or making deals and the default approach taken by each individual to negotiating.  These styles can be thought of as means for achieving negotiated outcomes as well as a categorization of individuals negotiating.

Avoiding

• Primarily concerned with avoiding intra-personal conflict
• Is useful when the the stakes of a negotiated outcome are not worth the investment of time or the potential for igniting conflict
• Characterized by sidestepping, postponing, and ignoring the issue or situation
• Effective when avoidance of the situation or issue does not greatly affect the relationship and short term task is not important to either party

Accommodating

• Primarily concerned with the relationship between the parties
• Easily gives the other side concessions in hopes of strengthening the relationship, but often gives away too much too soon
• Tend to neglect their own needs in favor of helping the other side get what they want
• Effective when long term relationship is important and short term task is not important

Compromising

• The style falling between accommodating and competing
• Useful when time is a concern or there is a strong relationship between the parties
• Requires concessions from both sides to find agreement
• Does not focus on legitimate or fair standards for settlement and instead utilizes “Meet in the middle,” or “Split the difference” solutions

Collaborating

• Focuses on using problem solving methods to create value and discover mutually satisfactory agreements
• Utilizes the creativity of both parties to find solutions to both sides’ interests
• Tend to be assertive about their needs and cooperative with the other side
• Effective when long term relationship is important and short term task is important

Competing

• Primarily concerned with achieving their own goals regardless of the impact on others
• Views negotiation as a win/lose rather than a problem solving activity
• Often utilize manipulative tactics such as attacks, threats, and other aggressive behavior to achieve their objectives
• Effective when long term relationship is not important and short term task is important

Task 5 Individual

►   How technology affects communication positively and negatively?

          

          Communication technology is a tool which allows the technology for communication. Technology has improved communication: Communication is used for a number of purposes. Both society and organizations depend on communication to transfer information.  People use technology to communicate with each other. Electronic medias like radios, televisions, internet , social medias have improved the way we exchange ideas which can develop our societies. In many countries, radios and televisions are used to voice the concerns of the society, they organize live forums where the community can contribute through mobile phones or text service systems like tweeter. During political elections, leaders use radio, television and internet medias to reach the people they want to serve.

          This technology has a tremendous impact on the communication process. I believe the advancement of technology has negatively impacted our social interactions because it detaches us from what is happening around us, obstructs communication, and spreads the concept of instant gratification. Society must be able to utilize technology while not allowing it to impede social interactions, particularly for those who are easily influenced during our formative years.

► Why listening is such a big challenge for most people? Explain by giving answer!

One of the reasons people are not good at listening is because they do not listen. Listening skills start with paying attention. If you know why your mind is tending not to listen, then you have taken the first step in addressing this.

One of the most sincere forms of respect is actually listening to what another has to say.There are many benefits to this process of listening. The first is that good listeners are created as people feel listened to. Listening is a reciprocal process - we become more attentive to others if they have attended to us.