Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice

An action of a subject, in relation to an object, is expressed in two ways. These two ways of expressing action of a subject are known as Voices.

1. Active Voice

2. Passive Voice

Example.

·          I write a letter.                         (Active Voice)

·          A letter is written by me.      (Passive Voice)

The structure of same sentence changes when expressed as Active Voice or Passive Voice. The meaning of a sentence, either expressed as Active Voice or Passive Voice, remains the same.

·         Difference between Active Voice and Passive Voice.

The meaning or main idea of sentence, either expressed as Active Voice or Passive Voice does not change. The structure of a same sentence changes for Active Voice and Passive Voice.  We know that every sentence have a subject, a verb and an object. Subject is an agent who works on an object in a sentence. In the above example, “I” is the subject of the sentence that is doing some work on the object ‘letter’ in the same sentence.

To understand the difference in both voices, we should focus on the subject and the object of a sentence. In Active Voice, the subject acts upon the object. In Passive Voice, the object is acted upon by the subject. The meaning remains the same in both Voices but the sequence of the words (subject & object) changes. The sequence, of subject and object as in Active Voice, is reversed when it is expressed in Passive Voice. Read the following example for better understanding this difference.

 

The sequence of the subject and the object of the sentence is reversed while converting the sentence from Active Voice to Passive Voice.

The structures of a same sentence, for both Voices, are as follows:

 

·         Change in the Verb of a Sentence for changing Voice of a sentence

Apart from reversing the sequence of subject and object, the form of the verb of sentence also changes in both Voices. In the above example, you can see the change in the main verb as well as auxiliary verb of same sentence in both Voices. The only form of verb used in Passive Voice is the 3rd form of Verb which is also called Past Participle. Hence, the rule for changing verb for converting a sentence from Active Voice into Passive Voice is to use only 3rd form of Verb in Passive Voice. For changing the auxiliary verb for converting a sentence from Active Voice into Passive Voice, there are rules varying for tenses. To learn these rules, read the rules for Tenses as given in the links on this page. 

·         Basic Rules For Changing Active Voices Into Passive Voices

Rule No. 1. As mentioned earlier, the structure of sentence will be reversed in Passive Voice. The places of the Subject and the object will interchange. The subject will shift to the place of Object and the object will take the place of Subject in Passive Voice.

Rule No. 2. Only Past Participle Form or 3rd form of verb (e.g. eaten etc) will always be used as main verb in Passive voices for all tenses. No other form of verb will be used as main verb. It can be seen in all the examples given on this page.

Rule No. 3. The word “by” will be used before subject in the Passive voice.

Rule No. 4. Other words such as ‘with’ or ‘to’ may also be used instead of word ‘by’ depending upon the subject of the sentence. These words are used in a very few cases. The word ‘by’ is used in the most cases.

 

Rule No. 5. The auxiliary verb will be changed in Passive Voice depending upon the tense of sentence in its Active Voice. There are rules for changing the auxiliary for each tense which can also be studied on this website.

Rule No. 6. Subject may not be always mentioned in Passive Voice. A passive voice sentence can be written without having subject, if it gives clear idea about the subject. Read the following examples.

 

Note: The above rules, except rule No. 5, are the basic rules for changing Active Voices into Passive Voice and apply to all type of sentences. The rule No. 5 is about the usage of auxiliary verbs in Passive Voices which differs for each tense of the sentence. These rules for each tense have also been explained on this website.

source : http://www.studyandexam.com/active-passive-voice.html

Interview Questions (TASK 8)

1. Tell me about yourself. 

2. What were your responsibilities? 

3. What did you like or dislike about your previous job? .

4. What were your starting and final levels of compensation? 

7. What is your greatest weakness? 

8. How do you handle stress and pressure? 

9. Describe a difficult work situation or project and how you overcame it.

10. What was the biggest accomplishment (failure) in this position? 

11. How do you evaluate success? 

12. Why are you leaving or have left your job? 

13. Why do you want this job? 

14. Why should we hire you? 

15. What are your goals for the future? 

16. What are your salary requirements?  

17. Who was your best boss and who was the worst?

18. What are you passionate about? 

19. Questions about your supervisors and co-workers. 

20. Do you have any questions for me? 

B.Forbidden Questions

1.       How old are you?

Because it’s a private a question

2.       What is your date of birth?

Because it’s already written in our CV.

3.       Do you have children?

Because it is a private matter.

4.       Where were you born?

Because it is not appropriate, it can cause controversial things (racism, discrimination, etc)

5.       Do you have a disability?

Because it can offend the interviewee, and having a disability does not mean we can’t have a job.

      C. How to answer the forbidden question

If we are asked questions that are private, we can politely decline to answer it. For example, we apologize in advance and say that the question is too private or it is already written in our CV.

Task 7 (Individual)

Depok, Mei 22 2017

Attention ,

Head Ace Educational Fondution

            Refer to your requitment advertised in jobstreet. I am interested to join and contribute with your respected company. I am Aisyah Septiningrum as a active student in Gunadarma University, single and health condition, i am be able to use English in oral and writeen, able to use Ms word, Ms excel, Ms Power point and have been teaching for 3 years.

            Now i am a active student in Gunadarma University. I am willing to learn and work very well in others and anxious to put my expeerince in pratical.

I hope you will grant me an interview and the opportunity to give more details about my self

Your faithfully,

Aisyah Septiningrum W

Task 7 (Individual)

CURRICULUM VITAE

                                                                                      

Personal Information

Names                              : Aisyah Septiningrum

Last Name                        : Wulandari

Identity Card Number    : 9000960924

Date Of Birth                    : September, 24rd 1996

Place Of Birth                   : Jakarta, Indonesia

Nationality                        : Indonesia

Address                             : Bulak Barat Street No 87, Depok

Phone                                : 087880100545

Email                                  : aisyahsw11@ymail.com

Education

2001-2002 Permata Playgroup

2002-2008 Elementary 1 Depok School

20008-2011 Junior 9 Depok School

2011-2014 Senior Islamic State 7 Schoo

20014-Now  Gunadarma University

Job Experience

20015-2017    Taeching Course Privat

Regards,

(Aisyah Septiningrum w)

Task 6 Individual

► What are the Characteristics of Negotiation?

There are certain characteristics of the negotiation process. These are:

• ·         There are a minimum of two parties present in any negotiation.
• ·         Both the parties have pre-determined goals which they wish to achieve.
• ·         There is a clash of pre-determined goals, that is, some of the pre-determined goals are not shared by both the parties.
• ·         There is an expectation of outcome by both the parties in any negotiation.
• ·         Both the parties believe the outcome of the negotiation to be satisfactory.
• ·         Both parties are willing to compromise, that is, modify their position.
• ·         The incompatibility of goals may make the modification of positions difficult.
• ·         The parties understand the purpose of negotiation                 

n

► Explain the positive and negative effects in Negotiation!

Negative Affect in Negotiation

Negative affect has detrimental effects on various stages in the negotiation process. Although various negative emotions affect negotiation outcomes, by far the most researched is anger. Angry negotiators plan to use more competitive strategies and to cooperate less, even before the negotiation starts. These competitive strategies are related to reduced joint outcomes. During negotiations, anger disrupts the process by reducing the level of trust, clouding parties' judgment, narrowing parties' focus of attention and changing their central goal from reaching agreement to retaliating against the other side. Angry negotiators pay less attention to opponent's interests and are less accurate in judging their interests, thus achieve lower joint gains. Moreover, because anger makes negotiators more self-centered in their preferences, it increases the likelihood that they will reject profitable offers. Anger does not help in achieving negotiation goals either: it reduces joint gains and does not help to boost personal gains, as angry negotiators do not succeed in claiming more for themselves. Moreover, negative emotions lead to acceptance of settlements that are not in the positive utility function but rather have a negative utility. However, expression of negative emotions during negotiation can sometimes be beneficial: legitimately expressed anger can be an effective way to show one's commitment,

Positive Affect in Negotiation

Even before the negotiation process starts, people in a positive mood have more confidence and higher tendencies to plan to use a cooperative strategy. During the negotiation, negotiators who are in a positive mood tend to enjoy the interaction more, show less contentious behavior, use less aggressive tactics and more cooperative strategies. This in turn increases the likelihood that parties will reach their instrumental goals and enhance the ability to find integrative gains. Indeed, compared with negotiators with negative or natural affectivity, negotiators with positive affectivity reached more agreements and tended to honor those agreements more. Those favorable outcomes are due to better decision making processes, such as flexible thinking, creative problem solving, respect for others' perspectives, willingness to take risks and higher confidence. Post negotiation positive affect has beneficial consequences as well. It increases satisfaction with achieved outcome and influences one's desire for future interactions. The Positive Affect aroused by reaching an agreement facilitates the dyadic relationship, which result in affective commitment that sets the stage for subsequent interactions.

Positive Affect also has its drawbacks: it distorts perception of self performance, such that performance is judged to be relatively better than it actually is. Thus, studies involving self reports on achieved outcomes might be biased.

Task 6 Individual

► Explain the negaotiation process!

Steps of the Negotiation Process

Step 1: Prepare – The first step in the negotiation process is to ensure that everyone is ready the actual negotiation.  Before you begin negotiation walk through the steps in your mind of what you are going to do, and think of different situations that may occur and how you are going to handle them.  If you need to, do some research beforehand.  For instance, if you are preparing to buy a washer and dryer, you may want to read some reviews online or check out some price points of models that are available to see how low you can negotiate your price.

• Know what you want from the process.  Make sure you understand the needs of the people involved and be able to understand different positions and interests.  Know your priorities and be able to identify boundaries.
• Determine how to get there:  Know what resources you can tap into, develop a strategy that you can work with, and have a walk-away position.
• Set a time and place:  Once you have all the information you need, set up an appropriate time and place for the negotiation to take place.

Step 2: Open— In the opening stage of the process, you will identify your needs with the other party.

• Be confident and demonstrate to the other party that you know what you are doing.
• State your case:  state your case by painting the context of your negotiation, verify you need and what you want as a result, and position yourself to frame the outcome appropriately.

Stage 3:  Exchange Views—Some people can refer to this as the “arguing” stage, but it is more appropriate to say that you are simply exchanging views with the other party.  In such instances as a collaborative negotiation, the arguments may be gentle and polite, so it all depends on the situation the negotiation is taking place.

• Respond to the other party’s views or argument by minimizing their benefits to you, weakening their argument, or managing their needs all the same.
• Strengthen your argument by maximizing the benefits for them, strengthening your truth, and legitimizing your needs.

Stage 4:  Explore— In the exploration stage, usually no agreements have been made other than early positioning.  Both sides have established what they want, and now they can both move forward to reach an agreement.

• Find areas where you both agree.  Both parties can agree on some things, so make sure to find areas of difference that can be amplified into agreements.
• Once you know where you agree and disagree, then you can work to find ways to reach an agreement by looking into criteria and outcome.
• Move forward by seeking variables, managing information, and keeping your main goal clear and flexible.

Step 5:  Signal—The phase of signaling in the negotiation process is when both parties let it be known that they are ready to move forward with their position.  Signaling indicates the willingness to negotiate certain terms.

• Show the other party that you are ready to move forward, wait for their signal, and move towards concession.

Step 6:  Package – In this stage, the negotiation has not yet been finalized, and both parties may still be determining and dealing with various possibilities.  It is important to keep a feeling of openness so that it will be easier to consider different options and exchanges without having either party feeling tied down to a decision yet.

• Identify agreeable trades and put together potential agreements.
• Make proposals that offer concessions.
• Have your trade package ready that you believe satisfies both sides of the table.

Step 7:  Close – The closing portion of the negotiation process signals that you are moving towards a complete solution and getting ready to close the final deal.

• During this, you will agree on the details and confirm the agreement.
• Usually when you confirm the agreement, you will sign a legitimate contract.  However, closing a negotiation deal can also be shaking hands, or agreeing to what has been said.

Step 8:  Keep your word – The final phase of the negotiation process deals with sustaining your terms of agreement.  In sustaining your agreement, you ensure that the commitment stays closed and each party adheres to what they promised.  Make sure both parties keep their promises and are ready to renegotiate if need be.  Here are some techniques to use in the negotiation process to ensure that both parties sustain their agreements:

• Burning bridges:  Ensure there is no way that either party will back out of the negotiation.
• Evidence stream:  Show whoever you negotiate with that the change they want to take place is happening.
• Golden handcuffs:  Keep key people in the process around with delayed rewards.
• Involvement:  Give each person who is important to the negotiation an important role.
• Reward alignment:  Align the rewards with the desired behaviors or actions that you want to see take place.
• Rites of passage:  Use formal rituals to confirm change is taking place.

These will differ depending on the type and form of negotiation that you are executing.